ЮРТА МОЛОДОЙ БУРЯТСКОЙ СЕМЬИ

Юрта-летник вывезена в 1980 г. из Алагуевского улуса Ольхонского района Иркутской области. Датируется концом XIX − началом ХХ в.

Экспозиция «Юрта молодой бурятской семьи» характеризует основные моменты жизни бурят, связанные с созданием семьи, с рождением и воспитанием детей.

Каждый бурят, достигнув двадцатилетнего возраста, старался жениться и обзавестись собственным жильём. Вплоть до начала ХХ в. западные буряты сохранили традиции древнего свадебного обряда.

Рождение ребёнка в бурятской семье было большим событием. Малыша окружали любовью, заботой. По представлениям бурят, маленькому ребенку угрожало множество злых духов, в защиту от них применялся ряд детских оберегов. В качестве ночного сторожа души ребёнка стремились держать в юрте приручённого живого филина, а если его не было, то хотя бы пучок его перьев. К люльке подвешивались или клались рядом  с нею острые железные предметы − топор, коса, нож, которых, по поверьям, боялись злые духи. Для сохранения жизни и здоровья ребёнка буряты часто прибегали к помощи шамана, к различным магическим церемониям, обрядам, искупительным жертвам.

THE YURT OF THE NEWLY-WEDS

It was relocated in 1980 from Alaguyevsk ulus of the Olkhon district in the Irkutsk region. It is dated back to the end of the XIX — the beginning of the XX century. The yurt was renovated in 1995. The exposition in the yurt shows the main moments of the everyday life of the Buryats related to the family, the birth and the upbringing of children.

The inner space of the yurt was divided into two halves — a male half and a female half. There are various household items placed along the side of the yurt, horse harnesses and hunting equipment are hanging, and a shelf of "danhe" with ritual items and "ongons" set on the male (Western) half. Sacred images with the spirits of the shaman were also arranged here. On the female (Eastern) side there were shelves with dishes and utensils sitting on them, and a door that led into the pantry. In the centre of the dwelling, there was a hearth surrounded by four poles, each named individually: a household pillar, a male pillar, a dairy pillar and a female pillar. The smoke hole on the top of the yurt ceiling was called "urkhe". Thanks to the opening, the yurt was well lit and ventilated.

Every Buryat, at the age of twenty, tried to get married and set his yurt. Traditionally, the groom’s parents offered “kalym” (wedding money) to the bride’s family. In the olden days, it was paid with cattle only, however, in the 20th-century monetary “kalym” became widespread among Buryats. The bride, too, had to prepare her dowry for the wedding, which usually corresponded to the size of the groom’s kalym, and consisted of livestock, clothing, bed accessories, household items, and money.

The birth of a child in the family was a huge event. Childless families were happy to adopt children. There were cases of buying children from poor Russian peasants and immigrants. Even with their children, the Buryats willingly took on the upbringing of others. According to the Buryats, a small child was threatened by many evil spirits. They used amulets or luck charms to protect kids. At night, a tamed owl, or at the very least a bunch of owl’s feathers had to be there to safeguard the child`s soul. Child mortality was high, which made Buryats rely on and resorted to the help of shamans,  who performed various rites, conducted ceremonies and ritual sacrifices.

年轻夫妻的蒙古包

1980年从伊尔库茨克州奥利洪区的阿拉古叶夫斯克镇搬过来的。十九世纪末到二十世纪初修建的。蒙古包于 1995年完成修复。博物馆展出的蒙古包中，反映布里亚特人生活中的重点：建家，孩子的出生和成长。

蒙古包的内部分为两部分-男性和女性。男性（西边），摆着各种生活用品，马具和狩猎装备，架子上放着各种护符。其中装有仪式用品和“农具”。在这里设置。在女性（东部）一侧，安排了摆放碗碟和家用器具的架子，是一种特殊的用品，依凭它的力量来保护人的身体性命。住宅中有一个壁炉，炉子旁边有四个支柱，每个支柱都有自己的名字：家务性，男性，牛奶性，女性。蒙古包的烟孔被称为 «乌尔海»，因此蒙古包被照亮且通风良好。

每个布里亚特人都刚满20岁就尽量结婚并拥有自己的蒙古包。新娘有订婚的聘礼 （男家向女家下牲畜）,二十世纪后，男家向女家下现金。新娘为婚礼准备了一个嫁妆，嫁妆于聘礼一致，从娘家带到丈夫家去的衣被、家具及其他用品。

家庭中孩子的出生是一件大事。没有孩子的家庭乐于收养孩子。有时候布里亚特人购买贫穷俄罗斯农民家庭的孩子。即使有自己的孩子，布里亚特人还是愿意担任教养孩子。按照布里亚特人的说法，小孩会受到许多邪灵的威胁，为了捍卫这种精神，他们使用了许多儿童的护身符。因此，作为一名夜间看门人，一个孩子的灵魂试图将被驯服的活猫头鹰保留在蒙古包中，如果不存在，那么至少会有一堆羽毛。婴儿死亡率高；为了保护儿童的生命和健康，布里亚特人经常求助于巫师。